Asmani Hetvi Kamlesh

UM4050

PUM21136

Optimization Approach means choosing the best possible method and elements to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of existing systems. Operations of a transfer station, as well as Primary and Secondary vehicles, had always been a big challenge in terms of sustainability and minimising its costs to reach its maximum potential. As per the MOHUA report of SBM-Urban guidance on efficient collection and transportation of MSWM around 80% of total expenditure is spent on Vehicles for collection and transportation, while very less is spent on processing or treatment. In our country, less than 5% of waste is disposed of by using proper scientific manner and treatment. As MSWM planning is a complex problem and higher rate of waste generation and management of it is a great challenge of the Surat city of Gujarat. At present year 2023, Surat has a population of around 62.5 lakhs and due to rapid urbanization with the increase in population, solid waste management has also become an important activity for the local body. The present study aims to analyze the existing system of the city. Comparing with various service level benchmark studies along with governmental policies has helped to understand the key loopholes, inadequacy and inefficiency in the existing process. The study will provide recommendations for the increase in efficiency of the existing system with the help of optimization techniques for the resource planning and management The study aims to determine the optimal allocation of resources, including manpower, equipment, and vehicles, to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of the secondary collection and transportation system while minimizing costs and reducing the environmental impact.

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The optimization of transfer stations and secondary collection and transportation has become increasingly important as the global population grows and generates more waste. Historically, waste management practices have focused primarily on collecting and disposing of waste, rather than optimizing the process to minimize waste generation and maximize resource recovery. However, as concerns about the impact of waste on the environment and public health have grown, there has been increasing interest in developing more sustainable waste management practices. Optimizing transfer stations and secondary collection and transportation is an important part of this effort. Transfer stations are critical to the efficient and effective management of waste, as they provide a central location where waste can be consolidated, sorted, and transported to final disposal or processing facilities. By optimizing the design and operation of transfer stations, it is possible to reduce transportation costs,

Aim: “ To Maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of the secondary collection and transportation system while minimizing costs and reducing the environmental impact” Objectives: i. To document resource utilized in solid waste management of the city ii. To document utilization pattern of resources for solid waste management in city iii. Optimal utilization of available resources iv. Minimizing transportation costs v. Maximizing environmental sustainability vi. Minimizing the collection and transportation time vii. Cost savings, Improving public health & Compliance with regulations Research Premise : As per SBM 2.0 guidelines 100% door to door waste been reuse, recycle - it should not go to the landfill. Hence, the research limits is to create optimization model for existing secondary collection and transportation system of the respective ULB (as a case Surat city is taken)

kilometreskilometre. As the population increase there is also influenced by Environmental, Economic and social factor. This growth of cities also producing / creates toxic pollution and large production of waste. Production of waste happens on a day-by-day basis from houses, industries and institutions. SMC (Surat Municipal Corporation) manage and handle the Solid waste management of the city which include household, industrial, institutional, bio-medical, Waste water, construction waste. Daily average waste generation at present is approximately 2700 TPD (as per March 2023) within limits of Surat Municipal Corporation. SMC Solid waste Management system work on Collection, Transportation, Treatment, Disposal. The Health Department has undertaken numbers of measures. Different programme were taken up like health mapping of cleaning sewage tanks. Sweeping streets and garbage collection on a regular basis was performed. It was mandatory to clean streets twice daily. Group cleaning- 'safai

SMC facilitates compliances of MSW Rules 2016, and as municipal authority it organizes 100% Door to Door collection of Segregated Solid waste. To ensure Collection of wet and dry waste separately ensures maximum recovery of recyclables, SMC has replaced all the Door to Door Collection vehicles into two Separate collection containers. Blue and Green. SMC has implemented Centralized MIS System at all transfer stations and Final Disposal sites along with all its vehicles enabled with Vehicle Tracking Systems (GPS trackers based IoT system) track and monitor live locations. It helps SMC to synchronize among primary and secondary collection and transportation system, with regular and well communicated intervals of operation (with respect to primary collection), it also essentially helps to avoid street litter bins to overflow and waste littering. Further, the Secondary transport vehicles are compatible with the equipment designed to compact the waste at Transfer stations to be able to trans

The following is the sequence of the activity been followed at transfer station: • All the primary collecting vehicles from Door to Door Garbage collection and sweeping activity reaches to transfer station from where secondary transportation vehicles are loaded for transferring it to disposal site. • Primary collecting vehicles sent to the Elevated Platform through Ramp. • Chutes are provided at Elevated Platform to receive the MSW from where it is unloaded by primary collection vehicles. • At present Wet waste and Mixed waste collected by each Mini-tipper vehicle is directly transferred from chutes to containers, and dry waste is sent to material recovery facilities manually. • Secondary transport vehicle is kept underneath the chutes. • MSW unloaded from primary collection vehicles is transferred into the closed container provided with compactor system. • The chute portion of transfer station is covered on the top with FRP sheet and whole structure is kept closed with co

The Figure above shows the organogram as well as human resource working in the transfer station in hierarchy as well as on the left side it also shows the working pattern in Surat Municipal Corporation as per their defined roles and responsibilities. Here, the variable ‘N’ changes as per different transfer station and contracted agency. After sorting waste from MRF (Material Recover Facility), Plastic Waste Management agency name as Eco-vision is contracted at all transfer station by SMC itself

capacity and shifts

As per the SBM 2016 and 2.0, there are some rules which should be followed by every transfer station. The following are the observations made during the site visits. The waste is not segregated into 10 types. It is only segregated in 5 types Plastic, Glass, Paper, rubber and toys. Though clause of incentive and penalty are mentioned, but due to lack of political will and government agencies there is the huge gap in the daily operations of transfer station. Lack of awareness and capacity building of the MRF employers is also one major issue observed.

Assumptions - ULB has land and required fund for implementing the process and segregated wet waste is coming to transfer station. By observing the above table the percentage of waste going to landfill has decreased by 73%, only inert and rejects goes to landfill other all is compost and manure is given to farmers. Through this ULB also can generate new source of economy. Currently, hookloader vehicles is making 23 trips , whose existing monthly operational cost is 151 lakhs per month and if the wet waste is composed through dynamic composting it can be reduced to 4 trips per day and operational costs also can be reduced to 34 lakhs per month.

By changing the shift hours and number of manpower by capacity building for them, there can be improvement in the efficiency of the dry waste being sorted. The following table shows the existing and proposed manpower in the Pal transfer station.As seen in the above table, in existing process 44% is waste is going to landfill area and after changing schedules and shifts the percentage of dry waste going to landfill has decreased by 20%. Hence, by providing effective measurements and change in schedule the efficiency rate can be increased.